Publications | Site Map     Research Surgery Critical Care Hemodialysis Radiology OEM About Contact FAQ's             Continuous Cardiac Output Ascending Aorta / PA:  Beat-to-Beat Volume Flow Data - PDF     Instantaneous flow waveforms are used for calculating average cardiac output, stroke volume, peak flow, aortic input impedance, systemic vascular resistance and heart rate. Flow measurements with pressure data are used to determine pressure volume relations in cardiac function for large and small animal models. Cardiovascular physiology Heart failure modeling Ventricular function and Cardiac Assist Exercise physiology Efficacy of new cardiac surgery techniques Ascending Aorta & Pulmonary Artery Flowprobes for Acute and Chronic Research Models Accurate Repeatable Validated Non-constrictive Volume flow in ml/min Dog, Pig, Sheep, Calf Models: Use PAX - Series Transonic Systems' A-Series perivascular flowprobes are designed to measure cardiac output with a higher level of accuracy. X-pattern, full flow illumination allows uniform sensing of turbulent flow or changing flow profiles which occur during the cardiac cycle. Rabbit, Rat and Mouse Models: Use PS-Series Small animal cardiac output measurements are achieved with Transonic PS-Series perivascular probes. Little isolation between the ascending aorta and PA is required to encircle the vessel with the probe's reflector. The probe transducer housing fits easily in the thoracic cavity. Acute Open-Chest Choose close fitting probes for ease in maintaining acoustic coupling Use Transonic approved coupling gel for signal transmission (HR Jelly, or Surgilube; NALCO superabsorbant) Avoid placing S-Series probes directly on the curvature of the aorta Chronic Implant Choose loose fitting probes, so that vessel fills 75%-85% of the probe PS-Series probes: Choose cable configuration (side, lateral or back) for preferred surgical approach Choose preferred chronic style connector & cable length Select method to pad vessel PAX-Series: Merocel sponge, Dacron felt or Prolene mesh (see tech note #28), PS-Series: silicone shield (size 4 mm & 6 mm), and larger silicone paint for probe reflector edge (3 mm, 2.5 mm, 2 mm) Allow 3 - 5 days for fibrotic tissue growth to provide good coupling   PAX-Series Probes 1.5PSL 2.5PSL PS-Series Flowprobes All recommendations are based on vessel diameter estimates. Probe choice will depend on surgical approach, species and weight. MA-probes are configured for standard acute application. Order MC-probes for any customization or chronic configuration options. *PAX probes are calibrated for acute standards only.   PAX-Series Flowprobes > PS-Series Flowprobes >       Select References   Dean, DA, Jia, CX, Cabreiza, SE, D’Alessandro, DA, Dickstein, ML, Sardo, MJ, Chalik, N, Spotnitz, HM, “Validation Study of a New Transit-Time Ultrasonic Flow Probe for Continuous Measurements on the Great Vessels,” ASAIO J 1996;42(5)M671-6. (validation, pig, ascending aorta, CO A-Series probe, right heart bypass model)(Columbia Univ. College of Physicians and Surgeons)(29V) Janssen B, Debets J, Leenders P, Smits, J, “Chronic Measurement of Cardiac Output in Conscious Mice,” J.Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2002;282(3):R928-35. (mouse, ascending aorta, validation)(Maastricht Univ., Netherlands)(47V) Shen, Y, Lynch, JJ, Shannon, RP, WIedmann, RT, “A Novel Heart Failure Model Induced by Sequential Coronary Artery Occlusions and Tachycardiac Stress in Awake Pigs,” Am J Physiol 1999;277(1):H388-398. (pig, ascending aorta) (Merck Researach Laboratories)(1379A) Asai, K, Kudej, RK, Shen, Y., Yang, G-., Takagi, G, Kudej, AB, Geng, Y-J, Sato, N, Nazareno, JB, Vatner, DE, Natividad, F, Bishop, SP, Vatner, SF, "Peripheral Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction and Apoptosis in Old Monkeys," Arterioscler Thomb Vasc Biol 2000;20(6):1493-1499. (monkey, ascending aorta, chronic)(Weiss Center for Research, Penn State Univ. College of Medicine)(1541A) Kim JK, Augustyniak RA, Sala-Mercado JA, Hammond RL, Ansorge EJ, Rossi NF, O'Leary DS, “Heart Failure Alters the Strength and Mechanisms of Arterial Baroreflex Pressor Responses during Dynamic Exercise,” Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004;287(4):H1682-8. (dog, ascending aorta, chronic) (Wayne State Univ. School of Medicine)(6060A) Gallup CJ, Cabreriza SE, Hart JP, Walsh R, Weinberg A, Spotnitz HM, “Left Ventricular End-diastolic Volume from Ejection Fraction and Stroke Volume in Pigs during IVC Occlusion,” J Surg Res 2002;106(1):76-81. (pig, PA, ascending aorta) (Columbia Univ. College of Physicians and Surgeons)(2586A) Aadahl P, Aakhus S, Saether OD, Stomholm T, Myhre HO, “Cardiac Output Measurements during Cross-clamping of the Descending Thoracic Aorta in Pigs. A Comparison between Transit-time Ultrasound, Thermodilution and Pulsed Doppler Ultrasound,” Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2000;44(2):180-5. (University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway)(6061A) Storme, L, Rairigh, RL, Parker, TA, Cornfield, DN, Kinsella, JP, Abman, SB, “K+-channel Blockade Inhibits Shear Stress-Induced Pulmonary Vasodilation in the Ovine Fetus,” Am J Physiol 1999;276:L220-L228. (PA, fetal lamb)(Hopital Jeanne de Flandre, Lille, France)(1416A) Scarborough, JE, Daggett, CW, Lodge, AJ, Chai, PJ, Williamson, JA, Jaggers, J, George, SE, Underleider, RM, “The Role of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression in the Development of Pulmonary Hypertension in Chronically Hypoxic Infant Swine,” J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998;115:343-350. (pig, chronic, CO 10A, pulmonary a) (Duke University, Durham, NC) (1088A) Grundeman, PF, Borst, C, van Herwaarden, JA, Beck, HJM, Jansen, EWL, “Hemodynamic Changes during Displacement of the Beating Heart by the Utrecht Octopus Method,” Ann Thorac Surg 1997;63:S88-92. (pig, ascending aorta) (Univ of Utrecht, Netherlands)(1038A) McKeown, KP, “Chronic Isolation of Carotid Sinus Baroreceptor Region in Conscious Normotensive and Hypertensive Rats,” Am J Physiol 1998;275(1):H3220-H329. (rat, ascending aorta, chronic) (Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD) (1193A)         Start receiving our Flow Matters™ Newsletter.             Print Page            Surgery | Critical Care | Research | Hemodialysis | OEM | Publications | Customer Service      ©2007 Transonic Systems Inc.  All rights Reserved. Privacy Statement