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Vascular Access Management |
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Non-Invasive - On-the-spot - Immediate Results |
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"Reductions in flow lead to subtle often unrecognized compromises
in delivery of dialysis and presage failure of the access device itself. Access flow can therefore be considered a fundamental property
of the access that should be monitored." Depner, TA et al, ASAIO J 41:745-749, 1995
Vascular Access Surveillance Protocol |
Proactive Vascular Access Management |
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The Transonic Hemodialysis Flow-QC Monitor gives you the opportunity to screen your patient's access during routine dialysis. You get an instant
snapshot of access flow and can build a record of its patency. A drop in access flow is your signal that a stenosis is forming. Such routine access flow screening has
been, up to now, both costly and impractical. While color Doppler ultrasound scans visualize stenoses, they do not quantify turbulent flow levels. Furthermore, for routine
screening purposes they are prohibitively expensive.
Actual access flow rate is measured upon
complete mixing of indicator with blood while the dialysis lines are reversed. Vascular access flow is displayed on the screen in ml/min.
- simple procedure with physiological saline
- detects reduction in access flow to identify problems at an
early stage
- allows differentiation between needle placement and access
insufficiency as cause of recirculation
- can be repeated routinely
- "We now can spot problems
before the access clots giving us more time to examine the patient, investigate the access, and decide on a treatment plan." Kapoian, T., Dialysis Clinic Inc., Rbt. Wood Johnson Dialysis Ctr.
If your clinic mirrors the USA national
average, 15-20% of your patients have access flow levels so low that a full revision surgery will be necessary to maintain dialysis. Other patients are more fortunate:
there is irrefutable evidence (Schwab, '89, Sands,'92,'95; Besarab,'93,'95) that the functional life of an access can be extended via minimally invasive procedures
like angioplasty, when the onset of a stenosis is diagnosed. Monitoring access flow lets you do just that.
" ...elective
correction of abnormalities in PTFE grafts and in AV fistulas prolongs access life (330 days per graft, 641 per fistula) when compared to repair after an initial
episode of clotting." Sands, JJ et al,
Clinical Nephrology 44(2):329-333, 1995
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Case Report: Vascular Access Stenosis Identified - Recirculation During a routine screening, a 56-year-old male patient with an upper arm fistula exhibited 37%
recirculation at a Qb of 333 ml/min. When his corresponding access flow was 286 ml/min, a significant access stenosis was suspected. The stenosis was confirmed by color
Doppler and was subsequently corrected by angioplasty.
Case Report: Stenosis between Needles Identified - No Recirculation A 41-year-old ESRD patient with a lower arm A/V fistula exhibited no recirculation at a Qb
of 323 ml/min. However, when vascular access flow was measured, it was only 118 ml/min, significantly less than Qb. A suspected stenosis between the hemodialysis needles
was confirmed by color Doppler ultrasound and was corrected.
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References: Vascular Access Patency |
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A. Methodology and Validations of Access Flow Measurement
by Krivistki Method
- Krivitski, N.M.,
"Theory and Validation of Access Flow Measurement by Dilution Technique during Hemodialysis," Kidney International, Vol. 48, p. 244-250, 1995. HD1T
- Krivitski, N.M.,
"Novel Method to Measure Access Flow during Hemodialysis by Ultrasound Dilution Technique," ASAIO Journal, Vol. 41, p. M741-M745, 1995. HD4T
- Krivitski, N.M.,
MacGibbon, D., Gleed, R.D., Dobson, A. "Accuracy of Dilution Techniques for Access Flow Measurement during Hemodialysis," American Journal of Kidney
Diseases, Vol. 31, No. 3, p. 502-508, 1998. HD31V
- Krivitski, N.M., Depner, T.A., "Development of a Method for Measuring Hemodialysis Access Flow: From Idea to Robust Technology," Seminars in Dialysis, Vol. 11, No. 2, p. 124-130, 1998.
- Depner, T.A., Krivitski, N.M., MacGibbon, D., "Hemodialysis
Access Recirculation (Rc) Measured by Ultrasound Dilution," ASAIO Journal, Vol. 41, p. M749-M753, 1995. HD6V
- Depner, T.A.,
Krivitski, N.M., "Clinical Measurement of Blood Flow in Hemodialysis Access Fistulae and Grafts by Ultrasound Dilution," ASAIO Journal Vol. 41, p. M745-M749,
1995. HD7V
- Sands J.J., Glidden,
D., Miranda, C., "Hemodialysis Access Flow MeasurementComparison of Ultrasound Dilution and Duplex Ultrasonography," ASAIO Journal Vol. 42, No. 5, p.
M899-M901, 1996. HD14V
- Bosman, P.J.,
Boereboom, F.T.J., Bakker, C.J., Mali, W.P.T., Eikelboom, B.C., Blankenstijn, P.J., Koomans, H.A., "Access Flow Measurements in Hemodialysis Patients: In Vivo
Validation of an Ultrasound Dilution Technique," Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, Vol. 7, p. 966-969, 1996. HD23V
- Gleed, R.D., Harvey,
H.J., Dobson, A., "Validation in the Sheep of An Ultrasound Dilution Technique for Haemodialysis Graft Flow," Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, Vol. 12,
p. 1464-1467, 1997. HD24V
- Bosman, P.J., "Secondary Vascular Access for Hemodialysis,"
University of Utrecht Doctoral Thesis, 1997. HD41A
- May, R.E., Himmelfarb,
J., Yenicesu, M., Knights, S., Ikizler, T.A., Schulman, G., Heranz-Schulman, M., Shyr, Y., Hakim, R.M., "Predictive Measures of Vascular Access Thrombosis: A
Prospective Study" Kidney International, Vol. 52, p. 1656-1662, 1997. HD42A
- Sands, J.J., Glidden,
D., Miranda, C., "Access Flow Measured during Hemodialysis," ASAIO Journal, Vol. 42, No. 5, p. M530-M532, 1996. HD6A
- Lindsay, R.M.,
Bradfield, E., Rothera, C., Kianfar, C., Malek, P., Blake, P.G., "A Comparison of Methods for the Measurement of Hemodialysis Access Recirculation and Access
Blood Flow Rate," ASAIO Journal, Vol. 44, p. 62-67, 1998. HD44A
Abstracts
- Krivitski, N.M., "Blood Flow Measurement in PTFE Hemodialysis
Grafts (HG) by Ultrasound Velocity Dilution (In Vitro Validation)," JASN Abstracts, Vol. 6, No. 3, p. 96, 1995. HD48V
- Krivitski, N.M., Depner, T., MacGibbon, D., Reasons, A., "Saline
Release Method to Measure Access Flow (AF) by Ultrasound Dilution during Hemodialysis," JASN Abstracts, Vol. 8, p. 164A, 1997. HD26V
- Sands J.J., "Blood Flow Measurement in PTFE Hemodialysis Grafts
by Ultrasound Velocity Dilution," JASN Abstracts, Vol. 6, No. 3, p. 501, 1995. HD13V
Predictive Power of Access Flow Measurements
- Bosman, P.J., "Secondary Vascular Access for Hemodialysis,"
University of Utrecht Doctoral Thesis, 1997. HD41A
- May, R.E., Himmelfarb,
J., Yenicesu, M., Knights, S., Ikizler, T.A., Schulman, G., Heranz-Schulman, M., Shyr, Y., Hakim, R.M., "Predictive Measures of Vascular Access Thrombosis: A
Prospective Study" Kidney International, Vol. 52, p. 1656-1662, 1997. HD42A
- Bosman, P.J.,
Boereboom, F.T.J., Smits, H.F.M., Eikelboom, B.C., Koomans, H.A., Blankestijn, P.J., "Pressure or Flow Readings for the Surveillance of Hemodialysis Grafts,"
Kidney International, Vol. 52, p. 1084-1088, 1997. HD38A
- Besarab, A., Lubkowski,
T., Frinak, S., Ramanathan, S., Escobar, F., "Detecting Vascular Access Dysfunction," ASAIO Journal, Vol. 43, No. 5, p. M539-M543, 1997. HD39A
- Besarab, A., Lubkowski,
T., Frinak, S., Ramanathan, S., Escobar, F., "Detection of Access Strictures and Outlet Stenoses in Vascular Accesses, Which Test Is Best?" ASAIO Journal,
Vol. 43, No. 5, p. M543-M547, 1997. HD40A
- Bouchouareb, D.,
Savenanu, A., Bartoli, J.M., Olmer, M., "A New Approach to Evaluate Vascular Access in Hemodialysis Patients," Artificial Organs, Vol. 22, No. 7, p. 591-595,
1998. HD55A
- Sands, J.J., "A Teaching Tool for Managing Hemodynamic Vascular
Access," Nephrology News and Issues, Vol. 12, No. 9, p. 25-28, 1998 HD56A
- Wang, E., Schneiditz,
Nepomuceno, C., Lavarias, V., Martin, K., Morris, A.T., Levin, N.,W., "Predictive Value of Access Blood Flow in Detecting Access Thrombosis," ASAIO, Vol. 44,
No. 5, p. M555-M558, 1998. HD79A
- Blankestijn, P.J., Smits, J.H.M., "Clinical Diagnosis of
Stenosis," First European Basic Multidisciplinary Hemodialysis Access Course, Paris, France, Oct. 8-9, 1998. HD81A
- Neyra, N.R., Ikizler,
T.A., May, R.E., Himmelfarb, J., Schulman, G., Shyr, Y., Hakim, R.M., "Change in Access Blood Flow Over Time Predicts Vascular Access Thrombosis," Kidney
International, Vol. 54, No. 5, p. 1714-1719, 1998. HD82A
- Bosman, P.J., Boerboom,
F.T.J., Eikelboom, B.C., Koomans, H.A., Blankenstijn, P.J., "Graft Flow As Predictor of Thrombosis in Hemodialysis Grafts," Kidney International, Vol. 54,
No. 5, p. 1726-1730, 1998. HD83A
- Sherman, R.A., Besarab, A., Schwab, S.J., Beathard, G.A.,
"Recognition of the Failing Vascular Access: A Current Perspective," Seminars in Dialysis, Vol. 10, No. 1, p. 1-4, 1997. HD1E
- Blankenstijn, P.J.,
Bosman, P.J., Boereboom, F.T.J., "Haemodialysis Access without Thrombosis: Is It Possible?" Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, Vol. 11, No. 12, p.
2394-2397, 1996. HD2E
- Sands, J., Besarab, A.,
Frinak, S., Depner, T.A., Sherman, R.A., Kapoian, T., "Hemodialysis Access The Role of Monitoring," Panel Discussion, ASAIO Journal, Vol. 44, p. 34-43, 1998.
HD3G
- Hakim, R., Himmelfarb,
J. "Hemodialysis Access Failure: A Call to Action," Kidney International, Vol. 54, p. 1029-1040, 1998. HD4G
Abstracts
- Boereboom, F.T.J., Bosman, P.J., Blankenstijn, P.J., Koomans, H.A.,
"Do Patients with Angiographically Proven Access Stenosis Have Low Access Blood Flow?" JASN Abstracts, Vol. 6, No. 3, p. 483, 1995. HD12V
- Bosman, P.J., Boereboom, F.T.J., Blankenstijn, P.J., Koomans, H.A.,
"Key to Access Stenosis: Is It Venous Dialyzer Pressure or Is it Graft Volume Flow," Angioaccess for Hemodialysis Abstracts, June 3-5, 1996, Tours, France.
HD8A
- Depner, T.A., Reasons, A.M., "Longevity of Peripheral A-V Grafts
and Fistulas for Hemodialysis Is Related to Access Blood Flow," JASN Abstracts, Vol. 7, No. 9, p. 1405, 1996 HD11A
- Kapoian, T., DeCandia, M., Nosher, J.L., Siegel, R., Steward, C.A.,
Williams, D.L., Sherman, R.A., "The Effect of Vascular Access Angioplasty (PTA) on Access Blood Flow (ABFR)," JASN Abstracts, Vol. 8, p. 162A, 1997. HD25A
- Kapoian, T., Shah, C.A., Steward, C.A., Williams, D.L., Sherman,
R.A., "The Relationship of Dynamic Venous Pressure (Vp200) to Access Blood Flow Rate (ABFR)," JASN Abstracts, Vol. 8, p. 162A, 1997. HD26A
- Sampol, J., Brunet, P., Leonetti, F., Ramananarivo, P., Berland, Y.,
"High Blood Flow in Vascular Access (VA): An Ultrasound Dilution Measurement Study," Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, Vol. 12, No. 9, p. A161, 1997.
HD20A
- Sampol, J.J., Brunet, P., Leonetti, F., Ramananarivo, P., Berland,
Y., "Access Flow Rate and Recirculation by Ultrasound Dilution Technique," JASN Abstracts, Vol. 8, p. 171A, 1997. HD30A
- Watson, P.A., Al-Sabawi, N., Rothera, C., Kianfar, C., Lindsay, R.,
"Dialysis Access Flow Can Be Measured by an Indicator Dilution Technique and Is An Early Predictor of Access Dysfunction," JASN Abstracts, Vol. 8, p. 175A,
1997. (AF) HD33A
- Sands, J.J., Jabyac, P., Miranda, C., "Intervention Based on
Hemodialysis Access Flow Measurement Is Superior to Referral by Static Venous Pressures," ASAIO Journal, Vol. 44, No. 2, p. 62A, 1998. HD48A
- Prince-van Loon, M.M., "Can You Deliver Adequate Access Care
without the Access Flow Monitor," EDTNA/ECRA Journal, Vol. 24, Suppl. I, p. 28, 1998. HD54A
- Ethier, J., Dorval. M., "Impact of Low Access Blood Flow of
Native AV Fistulae," JASN Abstracts, Vol. 9, p. 171A, 1998. HD59A
- Kapoian, T., Steward, C.A., Shah, N., Kabis, S.M., Covit, A.B.,
Sherman, R.A., "Vascular Access Blood Flow Rate (ABFR), Venous Stenosis and Angioplasty (PTA) - Sequemtoa; Data," JASN Abstracts, Vol. 9, p. 174A, 1998.
HD62A
- Sands, J.J., Kapsick, B., Jabyac, P., "Addition of Doppler
Ultrasound to Monthly Access Flow Monitoring Does Not Decrease Thrombosis," JASN Abstract , Vol. 9, p. 183A, 1998. HD66A
- Sands, J.J., Kapsick, B., Jabyac, P., "Monthly Access Flow
Monitoring Decreases Thrombosis in PTFE Grafts but Not in AV Fistulas," JASN Abstracts, Vol. 9, p. 183A, 1998. HD67A
- Tessitore, N., Gammaro, L., Sabato, A., Mansueto, G., Lipari, G.,
Loschiavo, C., Morana, G., Baggio, E., Bedogna, V., Maschio, G., "Access Blood Flow (Qa) Measurement by Ultrasound Dilution & Diagnosis of Stenosis in Native
Artero-Venous Fistula (AVF) for Hemodialysis," JASN Abstracts, Vol. 9, p. 184A, 1998. HD68A
- Torres, C.N., Work, J., Ram, S., Pervez, A., "Thrombolysis (TL)
and Angioplasty (AP) of PTFE Grafts as Part of an Interventional Training Program," JASN Abstracts, Vol. 9, p. 184A, 1998. HD69A
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Transonic Flow-QC - A New Standard of Care for your hemodialysis patients.
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